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Branch
Side-chain
Pendant concatenation
An oligomeric or polymeric offshoot from a macromolecular chain.Notes
- An oligomeric branch may be termed a
brusque-chain branch.- A polymeric branch may exist termed a
long-concatenation branch.[1]
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a
side concatenation
is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called the "main chain" or backbone. The side concatenation is a hydrocarbon branching element of a molecule that is attached to a larger hydrocarbon backbone. It is i gene in determining a molecule'due south properties and reactivity.[2]
A side concatenation is also known as a
pendant concatenation, but a pendant group (side group) has a dissimilar definition.
Conventions
[edit]
The placeholder
R
is oft used as a generic placeholder for alkyl (saturated hydrocarbon) group side bondage in chemical construction diagrams. To bespeak other non-carbon groups in structure diagrams,
10,
Y, or
Z
are often used.
History
[edit]
The
R
symbol was introduced by 19th-century French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, who advocated its adoption on the grounds that it would be widely recognizable and intelligible given its correspondence in multiple European languages to the initial alphabetic character of "root" or "residue": French
racine
("root") and
résidu
("rest"), these terms' corresponding English language translations along with
radical
(itself derived from Latin
radix
below), Latin
radix
("root") and
residuum
("residuum"), and German
Residual
("remnant" and, in the context of chemistry, both "residue" and "radical").[iii]
Usage
[edit]
Organic chemistry
[edit]
In polymer science, the side chain of an oligomeric or polymeric offshoot extends from the backbone concatenation of a polymer. Side bondage accept noteworthy influence on a polymer'due south properties, mainly its crystallinity and density. An oligomeric co-operative may be termed a short-chain branch, and a polymeric co-operative may exist termed a long-chain co-operative. Side groups are different from side chains; they are neither oligomeric nor polymeric.[4]
Biochemistry
[edit]
In proteins, which are composed of amino acid residues, the side chains are attached to the alpha-carbon atoms of the amide backbone. The side chain connected to the alpha-carbon is specific for each amino acid and is responsible for determining accuse and polarity of the amino acid. The amino acid side bondage are also responsible for many of the interactions that lead to proper protein folding and office.[five]
Amino acids with similar polarity are commonly attracted to each other, while nonpolar and polar side bondage normally repel each other. Nonpolar/polar interactions can however play an important part in stabilizing the secondary construction due to the relatively large amount of them occurring throughout the protein.[6]
Spatial positions of side-chain atoms tin be predicted based on protein courage geometry using computational tools for side-chain reconstruction.[7]
Run into also
[edit]
- Alkyl
- Backbone concatenation
- Branching (polymer chemistry)
- Functional group
- Pendant group
- residue
- Substituent
- Courage-dependent rotamer library
References
[edit]
-
^
Jenkins, A. D.; Kratochvíl, P.; Stepto, R. F. T.; Suter, U. W. (1996). "Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)"
(PDF).
Pure and Practical Chemistry.
68
(12): 2287–2311. doi:10.1351/pac199668122287. S2CID 98774337.
-
^
Wade, 50.G. (2010).
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 70–78. ISBN978-0-321-59231-6.
-
^
Jensen West.B.,
Journal of Chemical Instruction
87, 360 (2010) -
^
Chemistry, International Marriage of Pure and Applied.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemic Terminology.
iupac.org. IUPAC. doi:10.1351/goldbook.B00720.
-
^
Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith; Pratt, Charlotte (2013).
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level
(Fourth ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN9781118129180.
-
^
Andrew, C. D.; Penel, S.; Jones, G. R.; Doig, A. J. (2001-12-01). "Stabilizing nonpolar/polar side-chain interactions in the blastoff-helix".
Proteins.
45
(4): 449–455. doi:10.1002/prot.1161. ISSN 0887-3585. PMID 11746692. S2CID 25739520.
-
^
Badaczewska-Dawid, Aleksandra E.; Kolinski, Andrzej; Kmiecik, Sebastian (2019-12-26). "Computational reconstruction of atomistic protein structures from fibroid-grained models".
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Periodical.
xviii: 162–176. doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2019.12.007. ISSN 2001-0370. PMC6961067. PMID 31969975.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chain
